紫云英施用量对土壤活性有机碳和碳转化酶活性的影响

利用紫云英还田的定位试验研究不同紫云英施用量下土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性的变化。试验包括对照、施用化肥和4个紫云英施用量(30、60、90和120 t·hm~(-2))处理。结果表明:与对照相比,施用化肥和紫云英均能够显著增加土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、热水提取态有机碳、微生物生物量碳和颗粒有机碳)含量,并且随着紫云英施用量的增加土壤活性有机碳含量显著增加。土壤碳转化酶活性的变化规律与土壤活性有机碳相同,其中施用化肥和紫云英较对照处理分别提高14%和24%~55%的纤维素酶活性、27%和45%~187%的蔗糖酶活性、42%和51%~165%的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、11%和11%~24%的酚氧化酶活性以及16%和16%~27%的过氧化物酶活性。与对照相比,施用化肥对相对酶活性(酶活性与微生物生物量碳的比值)无显著影响;增加紫云英施用量能够显著增加相对蔗糖酶和相对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,降低相对酚氧化酶活性和相对过氧化物酶活性。逐步回归分析表明土壤活性有机碳组分含量主要受纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的影响。     

Effects of length of ensiling and maturity group on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradability of whole‐crop maize

Nine hybrids (three maturity groups, dry matter 343 ± 5.6 g/kg) of whole‐crop maize were ensiled in eight replicates in laboratory‐scale silos. Each hybrid was sampled at harvest and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days (d) of ensiling. Samples were analysed for chemical composition (proximate constituents, fermentation products and pH), starch, non‐protein N (NPN) and NH₃‐N. Each sample and its neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction were incubated in the Hohenheim gas test system. In vitro gas production was measured after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hr of incubation. Gas production of the neutral detergent soluble (NDS) fraction (mainly starch) was calculated using a curve subtraction method. Gas production dynamics over time were estimated using a nonlinear regression equation; afterwards, a two‐factorial analysis of variance (storage length, maturity group and their interaction) using the general linear models procedure was conducted. After 30 d, all silages were well fermented. Most fermentation products and proximate constituents only changed until 30 or maximum 60 d of ensiling. Only few changes in in vitro nutrient degradability were detected after the first 30 d or as influenced by maturity group. Ensiling per se increased the ruminal degradability of the NDS, but there was no further increase caused by a prolonged duration of storage. However, extensive changes in crude protein fractions occurred with a linear increase in NPN and NH₃‐N compounds from 0 to 120 d of storage, indicating continual protein and amino acid degradation.     

磷肥与有机肥配施对土壤-花生系统磷素及花生产量的影响

为探求适合河南省花生产区磷与有机肥合理的配施比例,采用田间试验研究不同磷用量（45、90和135 kg/hm2）与有机肥用量（0.75、1.50和2.25 t/hm2）配施对花生产量及磷素吸收、土壤Hedley各磷素形态含量与分配及磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,相同磷用量下,与2.25 t/hm2有机肥用量相比,0.75和1.50 t/hm2有机肥用量下,花生产量显著提高8.2%~11.8%,地上部干物质重显著降低17.1%~64.3%;相同有机肥用量下,增施磷肥显著增加花生地上部生物量,但对产量无显著影响。花生不同部位磷含量对磷与有机肥配施的响应表现为,中高量有机肥和磷肥处理分别显著高于低量有机肥和磷肥处理,而中量和高量有机肥、磷肥处理间差异因植株部位不同而异。土壤不同磷组分对磷与有机肥的响应存在差异,其中活性磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）和中等稳定性磷组分（NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po）含量随磷肥与有机肥用量增加而增加,土壤稳定性磷组分（HCl-P和Residual-P）随磷肥与有机肥用量变化差异不显著。有机肥和磷肥对土壤磷酸酶的影响不同,增加有机肥能显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,但增施磷肥抑制土壤磷酸酶活性。综合而言,磷肥与有机肥合理配施能显著提高花生产量、花生各部位磷素含量、土壤活性磷含量及土壤磷酸酶活性,过量施用有机肥和磷肥均可造成花生营养生长过旺,产量下降,还不利于提高花生体内磷含量。本试验条件下在施用45 kg/hm2磷肥基础上配施0.75~1.5 t/hm2的有机饼肥有利于改善土壤-花生系统磷素营养,促进花生产量提高,可在豫南砂姜黑土花生种植区示范应用。     

小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

非生物胁迫对小麦的生长发育具有不良影响,克隆与非生物胁迫相关的基因,并对其结构及表达特性进行分析,可以为进一步探索小麦的抗逆机制和抗逆育种奠定基础。本研究利用同源克隆技术从普通小麦品种中国春中克隆了水稻E3泛素连接酶基因OsHTAS的同源基因TaHTAS-5A(GeneBank登录号:MF967573),并利用生物信息学方法对其基因序列特征进行分析;利用qRT-PCR技术对该基因在小麦不同组织及不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析;同时,对该基因的表达产物进行了亚细胞定位。结果表明,小麦TaHTAS-5A基因含有220bp的5′UTR、1 242bp的ORF以及126bp的3′UTR,共编码413个氨基酸;基因组分析表明,该基因全长3 819bp,共包含4个外显子和3个内含子;缺体-四体定位表明该基因位于小麦5A染色体上;蛋白结构分析显示,TaHTAS-5A蛋白的N端包含四个跨膜结构域,C端包含一个E3泛素连接酶特有的RING finger保守结构域,具有植物E3泛素连接酶的结构特征;qRT-PCR结果显示,TaHTAS-5A对高温、低温和ABA都有响应,对干旱和盐响应不敏感;TaHTAS-5A在小麦的根、茎、叶和幼穗等不同组织中均有表达,但表达量有差异,在叶和穗中的表达量明显高于根部和茎部;亚细胞定位结果表明,TaHTAS-5A位于细胞膜上。本研究为进一步探究小麦TaHTAS-5A基因的功能奠定了基础,也为小麦非生物胁迫抗性改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

Zinc fertilization of lentil for grain yield and grain zinc concentration in ten Saskatchewan soils

Fertilization of grain legumes with zinc (Zn) can affect both marketable yield and Zn content of the grain, which is important in addressing human nutritional deficiencies in certain regions of the world. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the response of three different market classes of lentil to Zn fertilization using ten surface soils from Saskatchewan (Canada). The distribution of Zn among labile and stable fractions chemically separated from the soil was also determined in the ten prairie soils and related to the lentil responses observed. The three market classes of lentils (large and small green, small red) were grown without Zn (control), and with 2.5 and 5 kg Zn ha^?1 added as zinc sulfate to each soil prior to planting. Zinc fertilizer application significantly influenced grain yield and was soil dependent. A significant increase in grain yield over the control was observed from application of Zn on some low organic matter, high pH Brown Chernozem soils whereas a decrease in grain yield over control was observed in other soils such as a Black Chernozem of high organic matter content and low (<7) pH. Lack of positive yield response to addition of Zn were related to measured high diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable and plant root simulator (PRS) resin membrane probe Zn, and large amounts of native Zn in exchangeable and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) oxide bound fractions. Application of Zn fertilizer generally increased the grain concentration of Zn. For example, an increase of ～20% in Zn concentration over control was observed when 5 kg Zn ha^?1 was added to a loamy textured low organic matter Brown Chernozem soil. Overall, small green lentil was more consistent in producing a positive response to Zn fertilizer application on soils with low plant available Zn compared to large green lentil and small red lentil.     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

pH值对玄武湖沉积物中磷的释放及形态分布的影响

为了探讨pH值对沉积物中磷释放行为的影响，采用淡水沉积物中磷形态标准测试程序（SMT）研究了玄武湖沉积物中磷形态分布情况，并通过室内模拟实验研究了不同pH值条件下沉积物中不同形态磷的释放行为。结果表明，在玄武湖沉积物的总磷（TP）中，NaOH-P赋存比例最高（370.42～414.65mg·kg^-1），其次是HCl-P（359.41～378.64mg·kg^-1），有机磷（OP）含量最低（237.23～276.86mg·kg^-1）。酸性条件下，促进HCl-P的释放，NaOH-P的百分含率显著升高，而OP和HCl-P的百分含率则均明显下降;碱性条件下，促进NaOH-P的释放，HCl-P的百分含率升高，OP和NaOH-P的百分含率则均出现了下降现象。研究表明，pH值对沉积物中磷的释放以及磷形态在磷释放过程中的重新分布均具有重要影响。     

长江冲积土壤硫肥力研究

对长江冲积土壤硫进行了分析，结果表明：１．从无为县开始沿江而上至宿松县，长江冲积土壤有效Ｓ有减少的趋势。２．从平均值来看，水稻土有效Ｓ大于灰潮土；潜育型水稻土大于潴育型水稻土。３．灰潮土有效Ｓ含量不高，但潜在供Ｓ能力较强。Ｃ－Ｏ－Ｓ是主要潜在硫库，其次是惰性Ｓ和难溶Ｓ。     

城市功能对地表灰尘Cd的影响——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市为例,对地表按城市功能分区采集灰尘样品,从不同功能区灰尘Cd总量和不同粒级灰尘Cd含量及贡献两个角度考察城市功能对地表灰尘Cd的影响。结果表明:贵阳市地表灰尘Cd平均水平为1.28mg/kg。各功能区地表灰尘中Cd含量由高到低的顺序为广场区>学校区>工业区(住宅区)>交通区>商贸区(垃圾站)。城市功能的影响导致地表灰尘Cd的累积呈现3个水平。广场区和学校区累积最重,校园内某些含Cd高的辅助材料可能是导致地表灰尘Cd累积较重的原因之一。不同粒级灰尘Cd水平的分异特征在不同功能区表现各不相同。商贸区、垃圾站地表灰尘Cd主要富集于细粒级(≤105μm)灰尘;广场区、校园区和住宅区地表灰尘Cd明显富集于中等粒级(105～250μm);工业区和交通区地表灰尘Cd含量粒级差别不明显。所有功能区Cd的粒级行为均显示,3个粒级灰尘中,粗粒级对Cd的贡献最小。工业区、商贸区和交通区细粒级贡献最大,住宅区、城市广场区和垃圾站中等粒级对灰尘Cd的贡献最大。除垃圾站中等粒级对Cd的贡献相对偏低外,其他各功能区中等粒级的贡献相差不悬殊。     

家蚕ycaCR基因的表达特征及蛋白质的亚细胞定位

ycaC相关蛋白含有一个保守的ycaC-related结构域,属于异分支酸酶超家族成员。从家蚕蛹cDNA文库中检索到一条EST序列,编码一个含ycaC-related保守结构域的蛋白质,将该cDNA的全长序列命名为BmycaCR(GenBank登录号:GU292794)。通过基因克隆、原核表达和纯化技术得到BmycaCR蛋白,用纯化的蛋白质为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。Western blot检测BmycaCR蛋白在家蚕卵期的表达水平明显高于其它发育时期,蛋白质在5龄幼虫的睾丸、马氏管、气管、卵巢、表皮、肠和脂肪体中均有表达,而在头部、血液和丝腺中没有检测到阳性信号。荧光定量PCR检测BmycaCR在家蚕卵期的转录水平明显高于其它发育时期,在5龄幼虫各组织中,BmycaCR的转录水平由高到低依次为睾丸、气管、脂肪体、卵巢、表皮、肠、血液、马氏管、丝腺和头部。亚细胞定位显示BmycaCR蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有分布,可能发挥基本的生物学功能,并在靠近质膜区域有强的荧光信号,可能具有与其它蛋白质相互结合的功能。